Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common nerve-related disorders, affecting millions of people worldwide. It develops gradually and can lead to pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand and wrist. Understanding how CTS develops and who is at risk can help with early detection and prevention.

How Does Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Develop?

CTS occurs when the median nerve, which runs through the wrist’s carpal tunnel, becomes compressed or irritated. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway in the wrist that houses the median nerve and flexor tendons, which control finger movement.

When the space inside this tunnel narrows due to inflammation, swelling, or repetitive stress, the median nerve gets pinched. Over time, this leads to tingling, numbness, and weakness in the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger [Kubo et al, 2018].

What are Common Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Several factors contribute to the development of CTS:

1. Repetitive Hand and Wrist Movements [Jackson et al, 2018; Barcenilla et al, 2012; Currie et al, 2022]
   

   • Activities like typing, using a mouse, playing musical instruments, or working on an assembly line put constant stress on the wrist, increasing the risk of CTS.

2. Wrist Positioning

   • Keeping the wrist bent for long periods—especially in flexion (bent downward)—compresses the median nerve and restricts blood flow.

3. Inflammation and Fluid Retention [Stevens et al, 1992]

   • Conditions like arthritis, pregnancy, and hormonal changes can cause swelling in the wrist, putting pressure on the nerve.

4. Medical Conditions [Simpson & Day, 2011; Stevens et al, 1992]

   • Health conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis increase the risk of nerve damage and inflammation.

5. Trauma or Injury

   • A wrist fracture, sprain, or other injuries that alter the wrist’s structure can contribute to carpal tunnel narrowing.

Who Is at Risk for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

While CTS can affect anyone, certain individuals are at a higher risk due to their lifestyle, medical conditions, or genetics.

1. People in High-Risk Occupations

• Jobs that require repetitive hand movements or forceful gripping increase the likelihood of developing CTS, including:
  • Office workers (typing, prolonged computer use)
  • Assembly line workers (manufacturing, sewing, or food processing)
  • Mechanics and carpenters (using tools like screwdrivers or drills)
  • Musicians (guitarists, pianists, violinists)

2. Women

• Women are three times more likely than men to develop CTS. This may be due to hormonal changes, pregnancy-related fluid retention, or having a naturally smaller carpal tunnel.

3. Individuals with Certain Medical Conditions

• People with diabetes, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis, hypothyroidism, or gout have a higher risk of CTS due to increased inflammation or nerve damage.

4. Older Adults

• CTS is more common in individuals over 40 years old, as age-related wear and tear can contribute to nerve compression.

5. People with a Genetic Predisposition

• If CTS runs in your family, you may have a naturally smaller carpal tunnel or be more prone to developing the condition.

How do you Reduce the Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Although some risk factors like genetics or medical conditions can’t be changed, there are steps you can take to lower your risk:

• Maintain Proper Ergonomics: Adjust your workstation to keep your wrists in a neutral position. Use ergonomic keyboards, wrist supports, and a properly positioned mouse [Trillos-Chacon et al, 2021; Lincoln et al, 2000].
• Take Breaks: If your job requires repetitive hand movements, take frequent breaks to stretch your hands and wrists [Vilkari-Juntura & Silverstein, 1999; Barcenilla et al, 2012].
• Exercise and Stretch: Strengthening and stretching the wrists and hands can improve flexibility and reduce strain [Michlovitz, 2004].
• Manage Underlying Conditions: Keeping diabetes, arthritis, or thyroid disorders under control can help prevent inflammation and nerve damage.
• Wear a Wrist Splint: A splint can keep your wrist in a neutral position, especially at night when symptoms tend to worsen [LeBlanc & Cestia, 2011; Wipperman & Goerl, 2016].

Final Thoughts

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome develops gradually but can significantly impact daily activities if left untreated. Identifying risk factors early and taking preventive measures can help protect your hand and wrist health. Learn more at:

(781) 591-7855

info@BSBortho.com

20 Walnut St

Suite 14

Wellesley MA 02481

References:

1. Barcenilla A, March LM, Chen JS, Sambrook PN. Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relationship to occupation: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Feb;51(2):250-61.
   
2. Currie KB, Tadisina KK, Mackinnon SE. Common Hand Conditions: A Review. JAMA. 2022 Jun 28;327(24):2434-2445.
   
3. Jackson R, Beckman J, Frederick M, Musolin K, Harrison R. Rates of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in a State Workers' Compensation Information System, by Industry and Occupation - California, 2007-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Oct 5;67(39):1094-1097.
   
4. Kubo K, Cheng YS, Zhou B, An KN, Moran SL, Amadio PC, Zhang X, Zhao C. The quantitative evaluation of the relationship between the forces applied to the palm and carpal tunnel pressure. J Biomech. 2018 Jan 3;66:170-174.
5. LeBlanc KE, Cestia W. Carpal tunnel syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Apr 15;83(8):952-8.
   
6. Lincoln AE, Vernick JS, Ogaitis S, Smith GS, Mitchell CS, Agnew J. Interventions for the primary prevention of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome. Am J Prev Med. 2000 May;18(4 Suppl):37-50.
   
7. Trillos-Chacón MC, Castillo-M JA, Tolosa-Guzman I, Sánchez Medina AF, Ballesteros SM. Strategies for the prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome in the workplace: A systematic review. Appl Ergon. 2021 May;93:103353.
8. Michlovitz SL. Conservative interventions for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004 Oct;34(10):589-600.
   
9. Simpson MA, Day B. Painful numb hands. Med J Aust. 2011 Oct 3;195(7):388-91.
10. Stevens JC, Beard CM, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Conditions associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1992 Jun;67(6):541-8.
    
11. Viikari-Juntura E, Silverstein B. Role of physical load factors in carpal tunnel syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999 Jun;25(3):163-85.
    
12. Wipperman J, Goerl K. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Dec 15;94(12):993-999.